Al-Muqaddimah: Online Journal of Islamic History and Civilization

Jihad dan Pentadbiran Tentera Menurut Perspektif Ulama Bosnia-Herzegovina Zaman Pertengahan

2018-01-08T00:27:15+08:00

Jihad is one of the most active activities carried out by the Ottoman Turkish government as a means to propagate Islamic teachings, especially in Christian regions in Europe. The conquest policy based on verse 6 of Surah al-Tawbah is evident in their will and poetry. However, this vision was often blurred in the eyes of the successors of the Ottoman sultans due to the worldly pleasures they enjoyed after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. This caught the attention of a medieval Bosnian scholar named Hasan Kâfî el-Akhisârî, who wrote a critical work addressing the shortcomings of the Ottoman leaders. In the manuscript titled "Usul al-Hikam fi Nizam al-cAlam," Shaykh Hasan Kâfî advised the Ottoman government and military leaders on the deficiencies, especially during their Jihad operations in Europe. In general, Jihad and the administration of the military, according to Shaykh Hasan Kâfî, were built on the foundations of the Holy Quran, Sunnah, and the wisdom of past scholars. For him, Jihad aimed to establish universal justice. Through this system, a sultan was given divine authority as Nizam al-cAlam. However, deficiencies in the administration of the Ottoman military that occurred in 1595 demonstrated shortcomings in the Ottoman Sultan's administration at the time. Mistakes that had been made since the reign of Sultan Murad III in 1580 emphasized the importance of implementing Islamic justice while entrusting tasks to qualified individuals. The role of the vizier was also crucial in ensuring the integrity of the institution. The Sultan should consider the advice of the consultative assembly and advisors (scholars) before making significant decisions of public interest. The people should be treated justly, with kindness and compassion since they hold the majority of power. The Sultan should also respect the comrades of his father and not rush to favor younger individuals in tasks to prevent any ill feelings. Regarding military preparations, Shaykh Hasan Kâfî emphasized the importance of regularly monitoring the readiness of the military, including both the number and quality of weapons. The development of enemy weaponry technology should be continuously monitored to prevent the Islamic military from falling behind in using modern weapons. If a Sultan enters the battlefield, he should not leave his standard, and provisions should be made to confuse the enemy. Military leaders should constantly foster qualities of patience, steadfastness, and bravery in their troops, always advising and reminding each other. Shaykh Hasan Kâfî pointed the importance of faith as a factor in the success of any operation because he saw victory (الظفر) closely related to the help (العون) from Allah. Therefore, he made the core of success the goodness (الصلاح) and piety (التقوى), while disobedience (العصيان) and transgression (البغي) were seen as factors of failure. He also stated that a truce is good, and fighting those who seek protection is the greatest mistake a military leader can make. Among the criticisms made by Shaykh Hasan Kafi against the Ottoman leadership were the appointment of unqualified individuals during Sultan Murad III's administration, which resulted in the replacement of the Grand Vizier 12 times in 12 years (1574-1595). A group of Janissaries boldly defied Sultan Murad III's order in 1574 that prohibited alcohol, leading him to eventually relax the ban to a non-intoxicating extent. Some Janissaries also deserted the battlefield during minor incursions, raiding Muslim settlements in the Bosnian Eyalet, looting, disturbing women and children, and forcing civilians to replace them in battle. This tragedy continued for several years since the German (Duchy of Styria) forces began launching attacks along the border of the Bosnian Eyalet in 1592. While it is fair to criticize the Ottoman government for the shortcomings that occurred, this does not mean that the movement had deviated from the path of Islam, and negative Orientalist claims about the forced conversion of European Christians to Islam by the Ottoman military are not accurate.

Contributions of the Law and Order Towards the Proliferation of Muslim Ideologies in The United States of America

2019-02-21T06:18:54+08:00

Law and order of the United States of America play tremendous role towards the proliferation of Muslims ideologies. Muslims benefits from the Law of the land that permits the believers to practice their religion and its tenets freely and Islam disallow the Muslims to go against the law of the land so far it allows them to practice their religion. It has been normal for the Muslims in America to enjoy the same opportunity of the protection and security that the Jews, Gentiles and the Christians enjoy in the States. This has been the case since 1786 when Thomas Jefferson recounted his satisfaction with the state of Virginia’s landmark bill for establishing religious freedom that was passed by then. The friendly neighborhood that Islam encouraged made it applicable to American law. Houston Congress-man Al-Green supported Islam been a friendly religion, condemning atrocity of labelling Islam with terrorism, defending this course in the congress of America by saying: “I stand here to support Islam today, one of the great religions of the world. He said: to demean Islam by adding the world terrorist with it is an injustice to the religion” (Record, 2015). President Thomas Jefferson’s recognition of the Ramadan iftar in 1805 proved that the American Founding Fathers appreciated the existence of Islam in their domain since then and it continued till today (Wang, 2017). This work will showcase many of the American Law and Order in favor of Islam and the Muslims. The result will clear America as a safe place for moderate and obedient Muslims.

مساهمة منهج التربية الإسلامية في تنمية الذكاءات المتعددة من وجهة نظر طلاب المرحلة المتوسطة في محافظة الأحمدي بدولة الكويت

2022-07-26T16:09:58+08:00

This study aims to identify the extent to which the contribution of the Islamic education curriculum to the development of multiple intelligences from the point of view of middle school students in the governorate of Ahmadi, Kuwait. The study population consisted of Female students of Baraka Bint Al-Numan school, and male students of Mubarak Abdullah Al-Jaber School in Kuwait. A qualitative and quantitative methods approach was used in this study, in which the researchers used a convenience sampling method to select the study sample. The study population consisted of 350 male and female students. A total of 322 questionnaires were successfully collected for analysis. Questionnaire was used as a tool to collect data which consisted of 33 items. To obtain the results of this study, descriptive analysis, independent sample t-test and one -way ANOVA were used. The study concluded as follows: 1) The Islamic education curriculum contributes to the development of multiple intelligences from the point of view of middle school students in the Ahmadi Governorate in the State of Kuwait. 2) There is a statistically significant difference at 0.05 level between the study sample on the contribution of Islamic Education Book content in the development of multiple intelligences of grade and cumulative average, except gender. 3) There is no statistically significant difference at 0.05 level between the study sample on the contribution on contribution of teachers in the development of multiple intelligenceson personality variables (gender, grade, and cumulative average). 4) There is no statistically significant difference at 0.05 level between the study sample on the contribution of educational activities in the development of multiple intelligenceson on gender and cumulative rate except for grade.

The Israeli Blockade on Gaza: Its Effects and Future

2024-01-06T14:56:33+08:00

After Hamas had won the legislative elections with vast majority in January 2006, the Israeli occupation, along with Arab and international parties, imposed a severe blockade on the Gaza Strip which affected all life aspects there. 15 years since, this study presents the causes, effects, future, and attempts to end the blockade. The researcher uses the historical approach and addresses two topics: The blockade and its effects, and attempts to end the blockade and Gaza future. Then the study ends with several results. Mainly, the Israeli blockade was imposed to overthrow Hamas and paralyze its military power, the American and European position is in favor of the Israeli occupation while the Arabs remain silent and carry out the will of the Israelis and Americans, and the blockade led to a humanitarian crisis that affected the Palestinians at social, psychological and health levels.

الاختيار والتعيين في الحضارة الإسلامية

2023-10-15T11:11:07+08:00

The selection and appointment are among the important jobs within any institution. The recruitment process has evolved over the ages in terms of principles that are based on selection and appointment. From this standpoint, the selection and appointment process and its impact on the recruitment process in Islamic civilizations will be clarified. This study aimed to introduce selection and appointment as well as the most important Islamic civilizations that were interested in this aspect as it aims to identify the most important successors who were interested in the selection and appointment process. The result reached that civilizations Islamism has provided us with an advanced understanding of the selection and appointment criteria that are based on merit and competence.

حق المرأة في الميراث، دراسة نقدية لاتفاقية سيداو في ضوء القرآن الكريم - طلبة الدراسات العليا بجامعة قطر نموذجاً-

2023-12-28T14:10:26+08:00

The study aims to analyze and criticize the provisions of CEDAW, which call for full equality between men and women in inheritance, and that Islam oppresses women and discriminates men from them in it. Theoretically, the study tackled a number of issues including the definition of inheritance and the clarification of the inheritance of women before Islam. The study highlighted the cases of inheritance of women in Islam, whether the cases in which women inherit half of what men inherit, or the cases in which women’s inheritance is equal to men’s, or those in which women inherit more than men, or the cases where women did not allow men to inherit at all. The study also explains the wisdom of giving men the double of women’s share in some cases, presenting the rational evidences to respond to the claim of inequality in Islam between men and women in inheritance and comparing the system of inheritance in Islam with the ancient and modern laws on the inheritance of women. The study concluded with a field study which aimed at measuring the awareness and monitoring the views concerning the equality between men and women in inheritance as approved by CEDAW, the extent of their agreement with Islamic Law and their suitability of their application in contemporary Islamic reality. To achieve these objectives, the study used the questionnaire as a comprehensive survey tool distributed to graduate and post-graduate students (Masters and PhD) at Qatar University for the academic year 2017-2018. The study used the historical, descriptive, analytical, critical and social survey approach. The study reached a number of results the most important of which is that the system of inheritance in Islam is not based on the undervalue of the women’s rights or the preference of men to women, but rather it is based on rules and principles which intend to achieve full justice between them. Furthermore, the cases where the male inherits as much as two females inherit are not all the cases of inheritance, but there are many cases where the inheritance of females and males is the same. Nevertheless, there are even cases where females inherit more than males; sometimes females inherit the double of what males inherit, and importantly in some cases females inherit while the male do not.