EXPLORING THE ROLE OF COMPREHENSIVE NUTRIENT PROFILES OF ANIMAL PROTEINS IN CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, WITH A FOCUS ON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS

Received 2023-07-04; Accepted 2024-01-16; Published 2024-08-01

Abstract

Stunting, a condition that can lead to future cognitive and physical disorders in children, remains a significant issue, particularly in developing countries with the burdened with a high prevalence of stunting. The role of amino acid role in reducing stunting is still a subject of debate, contrasting with the previous emphasis on micronutrients, calories, and lipids. This article reviews existing evidence on the benefits of animal proteins, specifically their essential amino acid (EAA) content, in alleviating stunting. It also discusses the potential of animal proteins other than traditional red meat as affordable supplementary foods for children with stunting to support optimal development. When evaluating stunting, EAAs, and animal-source protein, the pieces of evidence indicate that children with stunting exhibit lower levels of circulating AAs. EAAs influence various growth pathways, such as mTORC1 and GCN2, making them crucial targets for addressing stunting. Animal proteins such as cow’s milk, eggs, and fish are rich in EAAs, with cow’s milk being particularly abundant in AA content. Additionally, studies have indicated the potential of alternative, low-cost animal protein sources, such as cow’s milk, eggs, and fish in reducing the risk of stunting and supporting linear and developmental growth. In summary, it is essential for children in developing countries to consume EAAs from animal proteins to address stunting. Future longitudinal studies and randomized clinical trials are recommended to quantify the metabolomic profiles of children. Feasibility studies and cost analyses on public health approaches and nutritional interventions to increase the consumption of other animal proteins in children are also recommended. These studies will help identify and further validate accessible and low-cost animal proteins as nutritional support for children with stunting, particularly in developing countries.