INVOLUNTARY MIGRATION IMPACTS ON THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN UNDERDEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW
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Published:
Dec 31, 2020
Keywords:
involuntary migration, refugee, undocumented migrants, migration impacts, host country, systematic literature review, SLR
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Abstract
Involuntary migration is the coerced movement of people to a place away from their home of origin. Refugees are protected under international law, and they cross international borders to escape the risk of serious harm in their origin countries (UNHCR, 2019). At the end of 2018, approximately 25 million refugees had crossed international borders. However, there is another type of migrants that is not well defined nor protected by international law, which is the undocumented migrants. UNHCR has reported that refugees and undocumented migrants tend to flee to the nearest neighbouring countries, which are usually low and middle-income countries, rather than first world countries. This paper attempts to examine the effects of involuntary migration on the locals by investigating the widespread impacts that have occurred globally and reflect the situation to South-East Asian countries. A systematic review approach based on the PRISMA Statement was applied in this study. The Web of Science and Scopus scientific databases have identified 34 related studies on the effects of involuntary migrations. Six (6) categories of impacts have been identified, which include i) employment impact, ii) physical and environmental impact, iii) economic impact, iv) social and demographic impacts, v) facilities, welfare and educational impact and lastly vi) safety and security impacts. Reviewing the implications of involuntary migration can be a significant step forward for policymakers to improve their understanding of the issues, opportunity, and challenges faced by host countries in managing its people and resources. Underdeveloped and developing countries in the South-East Asian Region, including Malaysia, can plan to respond and address refugee influx in effective and efficient ways through proper resource planning and regulating legal and administrative framework.
Keywords: involuntary migration, refugee, undocumented migrants, migration impacts, host country, systematic literature review, SLR
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References
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Asali, M. (2017). The effects of (different types of) immigrants on labor market outcomes of (different groups of) natives. International Journal of Manpower, 38(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2014-0229
Bilgili, Ö., Loschmann, C., Fransen, S., & Siegel, M. (2019). Is the education of local children influenced by living near a refugee camp? evidence from host communities in Rwanda. International Migration, 57(4), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12541
Bratsberg, B., Raaum, O., Røed, M., & Schøne, P. (2014). Immigration wage effects by origin. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(2), 356–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12053
Butcher, F., Galanek, J. D., Kretschmar, J. M., & Flannery, D. J. (2015). The impact of neighborhood disorganisation on neighborhood exposure to violence, trauma symptoms, and social relationship among at-risk youth. Social Sciences & Medicine, 146, 300-306.
Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tumen, S. (2017). The impact of Syrian refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-017-0082-4
Erensu, A., & Kaşli, Z. (2016). A tale of two cities: Multiple practices of bordering and degrees of "transit" in and through Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(4), 528–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few037
Fauvelle-Aymar, C. (2014). The welfare state, migration, and voting rights. Public Choice, 159(1–2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-012-0024-z
Floyd, A., & Sakellariou, D. (2017). Healthcare access for refugee women with limited literacy: Layers of disadvantage. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0694-8
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Getahun, K., Poesen, J., & Van Rompaey, A. (2017). Impacts of resettlement programs on deforestation of moist evergreen Afromontane forests in Southwest Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development, 37(4), 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-15-00034.1
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Hirschman, C. (2014). Immigration to the United States: Recent trends and future prospects. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 69-85.
Hipp, J. R. & Boessen, A. (2012). Consequences of immigration for Southern California neighbourhoods over fifty years. The American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 641, 192-219.
Holloway, K., Smart, C., Foresti, M., & Leach, A. (2019, November). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: UK country profile. London: ODI. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12969.pdf
Jensen, P., & Rasmussen, A. W. (2011). The effect of immigrant concentration in schools on native and immigrant children's reading and math skills. Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.08.002
Kamaruddin, R., & Abdullah, N. (2018). Determinants of job satisfaction among Malaysian youth working in the oil palm plantation sector. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(4), 678–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2017-0063
Karababa, P. (2019). Adding the "new" inhabitant to the design of urban area and social work for refugees. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 60, 45–60. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0045
Katsanevakis, S. (2015). Illegal immigration in the eastern Aegean Sea: A new source of marine litter. Mediterranean Marine Science, 16(3), 605-608.
Kovras, I., & Robins, S. (2016). Death as the border: Managing missing migrants and unidentified bodies at the EU's Mediterranean frontier. Political Geography, 55, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.05.003
Kudo, S. (2013). Securitisation of undocumented migrants and the politics of insecurity in Malaysia. Procedia Environmental Sciences 17, 947–956.
Lasimbang, H. B., Tong, W. T., & Low, W. Y. (2016). Migrant workers in Sabah, East Malaysia: The importance of legislation and policy to uphold equity on sexual and reproductive health and rights. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 32, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.015
Ling, O. H. L., H., Mohd. Rosli, N. N, F., Marhalim, F. A., & Mohamed Musthafa, S. N. A. (2017). Social impact of foreign immigrants in affordable housing area. Case study: Mentari Court, Selangor, Malaysia. Planning Malaysia: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 15(2), 37–50.
Martins, P. S., Piracha, M., & Varejão, J. (2018). Do immigrants displace native workers? Evidence from matched panel data. Economic Modelling, 72, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.01.019
Maystadt, J. F., & Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and losers among a refugee-hosting population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769–809. https://doi.org/10.1086/676458
McCombes, L., Vanclay, F., & Evers, Y. (2015). Putting social impact assessment to the test as a method for implementing responsible tourism practice. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 156-168.
Misman, N., Mohd Adnan, H., Firdaus, A. S., & Ahmad, C. M. (2017). Foreign nationals as offenders and victims in Malaysian crime news. SHS Web of Conferences, 33. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173300028
Nzeadibe, T. C., Ajaero, C. K., Okonkwo, E. E., Okpoko, P. U., Akukwe, T. I., & Njoku-Tony, R. F. (2015). Integrating community perceptions and cultural diversity in social impact assessment in Nigeria. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 74-83.
Shaffril, H. A. M., Krauss, S. E., & Samsuddin, S. F. (2018). A systematic review on Asian's farmers' adaptation practices towards climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 644, 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.349
Spröhnle, K., Kranz, O., Schoepfer, E., Moeller, M., & Voigt, S. (2016). Earth observation-based multi-scale impact assessment of internally displaced person (IDP) camps on wood resources in Zalingei, Darfur. Geocarto International, 31(5), 575–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1062053
Sun, R. (2013). Kinetics of jobs in multi-link cities with migration-driven aggregation process. Economic Modelling, 30(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.08.013
Tan, T. M., Spiegel, P., Haskew, C., & Greenough, P. G. (2016). Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries. Conflict and Health, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4
Tatah, L., Delbiso, T. D., Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Cuesta, J. G., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2016). Impact of refugees on local health systems: A difference-in-differences analysis in Cameroon. PLoS ONE, 11(12), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168820
Taylora, J. E., Filipski, M. J., Alloush, M., Gupta, A., Valdes, R. I. R., & Gonzalez-Estrada, E. (2016). Economic impact of refugees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(27), 7449–7453. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604566113
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van Kempen, E. A., Spiliotopoulou, E., Stojanovski, G., & de Leeuw, S. (2017). Using life cycle sustainability assessment to trade off sourcing strategies for humanitarian relief items. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(11), 1718–1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1245-z
Vasilakis, C. (2018). Massive migration and elections: Evidence from the refugee crisis in Greece. International Migration, 56(3), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12409
Wu, W.-p., Chen, Z.-g., & Yang, D.-x. (2020). Do internal migrants crowd out employment opportunities for urban locals in China?—Reexamining under the skill stratification. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122580
Al-Husban, M., & Adams, C. (2016). Sustainable refugee migration: A rethink towards a positive capability approach. Sustainability (Switzerland), 8(5), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8050451
Albornoz, F., Cabrales, A., & Hauk, E. (2018). Immigration and the school system. Economic Theory, 65(4), 855–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00199-017-1041-4
Alix-Garcia, J., Walker, S., Bartlett, A., Onder, H., & Sanghi, A. (2018). Do refugee camps help or hurt hosts? The case of Kakuma, Kenya. Journal of Development Economics, 130, 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2017.09.005
Almosova, A. (2014). Labor market institutions and the effect of immigration on national employment. Business and Economic Horizons, 9(4), 53–74. https://doi.org/10.15208/beh.2013.22
Asali, M. (2017). The effects of (different types of) immigrants on labor market outcomes of (different groups of) natives. International Journal of Manpower, 38(3), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2014-0229
Bilgili, Ö., Loschmann, C., Fransen, S., & Siegel, M. (2019). Is the education of local children influenced by living near a refugee camp? evidence from host communities in Rwanda. International Migration, 57(4), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12541
Bratsberg, B., Raaum, O., Røed, M., & Schøne, P. (2014). Immigration wage effects by origin. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 116(2), 356–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12053
Butcher, F., Galanek, J. D., Kretschmar, J. M., & Flannery, D. J. (2015). The impact of neighborhood disorganisation on neighborhood exposure to violence, trauma symptoms, and social relationship among at-risk youth. Social Sciences & Medicine, 146, 300-306.
Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tumen, S. (2017). The impact of Syrian refugees on natives' labor market outcomes in Turkey: Evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-017-0082-4
Erensu, A., & Kaşli, Z. (2016). A tale of two cities: Multiple practices of bordering and degrees of "transit" in and through Turkey. Journal of Refugee Studies, 29(4), 528–548. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/few037
Fauvelle-Aymar, C. (2014). The welfare state, migration, and voting rights. Public Choice, 159(1–2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-012-0024-z
Floyd, A., & Sakellariou, D. (2017). Healthcare access for refugee women with limited literacy: Layers of disadvantage. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0694-8
Fromentin, V., Damette, O., & Zou, B. (2017). The global economic crisis and the effect of immigrant workers on native-born employment in Europe. World Economy, 40(6), 1068–1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12394
Getahun, K., Poesen, J., & Van Rompaey, A. (2017). Impacts of resettlement programs on deforestation of moist evergreen Afromontane forests in Southwest Ethiopia. Mountain Research and Development, 37(4), 474–486. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd-journal-d-15-00034.1
Giuntella, O. (2012). Do immigrants squeeze natives out of bad schedules? Evidence from Italy. IZA Journal of Migration, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-9039-1-7
Greene, M. C., Rees, S., Likindikoki, S., Bonz, A. G., Joscelyne, A., Kaysen, D., Nixon, R. D. V., Njau, T., Tankink, M. T. A., Tiwari, A., Ventevogel, P., Mbwambo, J. K. K., & Tol, W. A. (2019). Developing an integrated intervention to address intimate partner violence and psychological distress in Congolese refugee women in Tanzania. Conflict and Health, 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0222-0
Higgins, J.P.T., Altman, D.G., Gøtzsche, P.C., Jüni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A.D. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ (Online) 343 (7829):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928.
Hirschman, C. (2014). Immigration to the United States: Recent trends and future prospects. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 69-85.
Hipp, J. R. & Boessen, A. (2012). Consequences of immigration for Southern California neighbourhoods over fifty years. The American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 641, 192-219.
Holloway, K., Smart, C., Foresti, M., & Leach, A. (2019, November). Public narratives and attitudes towards refugees and other migrants: UK country profile. London: ODI. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12969.pdf
Jensen, P., & Rasmussen, A. W. (2011). The effect of immigrant concentration in schools on native and immigrant children's reading and math skills. Economics of Education Review, 30(6), 1503–1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2011.08.002
Kamaruddin, R., & Abdullah, N. (2018). Determinants of job satisfaction among Malaysian youth working in the oil palm plantation sector. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 8(4), 678–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-06-2017-0063
Karababa, P. (2019). Adding the "new" inhabitant to the design of urban area and social work for refugees. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 60, 45–60. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2019-0045
Katsanevakis, S. (2015). Illegal immigration in the eastern Aegean Sea: A new source of marine litter. Mediterranean Marine Science, 16(3), 605-608.
Kovras, I., & Robins, S. (2016). Death as the border: Managing missing migrants and unidentified bodies at the EU's Mediterranean frontier. Political Geography, 55, 40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.05.003
Kudo, S. (2013). Securitisation of undocumented migrants and the politics of insecurity in Malaysia. Procedia Environmental Sciences 17, 947–956.
Lasimbang, H. B., Tong, W. T., & Low, W. Y. (2016). Migrant workers in Sabah, East Malaysia: The importance of legislation and policy to uphold equity on sexual and reproductive health and rights. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 32, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2015.08.015
Ling, O. H. L., H., Mohd. Rosli, N. N, F., Marhalim, F. A., & Mohamed Musthafa, S. N. A. (2017). Social impact of foreign immigrants in affordable housing area. Case study: Mentari Court, Selangor, Malaysia. Planning Malaysia: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 15(2), 37–50.
Martins, P. S., Piracha, M., & Varejão, J. (2018). Do immigrants displace native workers? Evidence from matched panel data. Economic Modelling, 72, 216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.01.019
Maystadt, J. F., & Verwimp, P. (2014). Winners and losers among a refugee-hosting population. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 62(4), 769–809. https://doi.org/10.1086/676458
McCombes, L., Vanclay, F., & Evers, Y. (2015). Putting social impact assessment to the test as a method for implementing responsible tourism practice. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 156-168.
Misman, N., Mohd Adnan, H., Firdaus, A. S., & Ahmad, C. M. (2017). Foreign nationals as offenders and victims in Malaysian crime news. SHS Web of Conferences, 33. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20173300028
Nzeadibe, T. C., Ajaero, C. K., Okonkwo, E. E., Okpoko, P. U., Akukwe, T. I., & Njoku-Tony, R. F. (2015). Integrating community perceptions and cultural diversity in social impact assessment in Nigeria. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 55, 74-83.
Shaffril, H. A. M., Krauss, S. E., & Samsuddin, S. F. (2018). A systematic review on Asian's farmers' adaptation practices towards climate change. Science of the Total Environment, 644, 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.349
Spröhnle, K., Kranz, O., Schoepfer, E., Moeller, M., & Voigt, S. (2016). Earth observation-based multi-scale impact assessment of internally displaced person (IDP) camps on wood resources in Zalingei, Darfur. Geocarto International, 31(5), 575–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2015.1062053
Sun, R. (2013). Kinetics of jobs in multi-link cities with migration-driven aggregation process. Economic Modelling, 30(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.08.013
Tan, T. M., Spiegel, P., Haskew, C., & Greenough, P. G. (2016). Does spending on refugees make a difference? A cross-sectional study of the association between refugee program spending and health outcomes in 70 sites in 17 countries. Conflict and Health, 10(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-016-0095-4
Tatah, L., Delbiso, T. D., Rodriguez-Llanes, J. M., Cuesta, J. G., & Guha-Sapir, D. (2016). Impact of refugees on local health systems: A difference-in-differences analysis in Cameroon. PLoS ONE, 11(12), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168820
Taylora, J. E., Filipski, M. J., Alloush, M., Gupta, A., Valdes, R. I. R., & Gonzalez-Estrada, E. (2016). Economic impact of refugees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(27), 7449–7453. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604566113
UNRIC. (2020). New report: Developing countries host 80% of refugees. Europe, United Nations Regional Information Center for Western. Retrieved from https://www.unric.org/en/world-refugee-day/26978-new-report-developing-countries-host-80-of-refugees-
van Kempen, E. A., Spiliotopoulou, E., Stojanovski, G., & de Leeuw, S. (2017). Using life cycle sustainability assessment to trade off sourcing strategies for humanitarian relief items. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(11), 1718–1730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1245-z
Vasilakis, C. (2018). Massive migration and elections: Evidence from the refugee crisis in Greece. International Migration, 56(3), 28–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12409
Wu, W.-p., Chen, Z.-g., & Yang, D.-x. (2020). Do internal migrants crowd out employment opportunities for urban locals in China?—Reexamining under the skill stratification. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.122580