MASALAH SOSIAL DI BANDAR SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA: TINJAUAN DARIPADA PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT MALAYSIA
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Abstract
Masalah sosial merupakan satu fenomena yang tidak dapat dielakkan daripada berlaku dalam masyarakat hari ini. Setiap hari kita dapat melihat di kaca televisyen dan suratkhabar pendedahan mengenai pelbagai kegiatan jenayah yang berlaku dalam masyarakat. Masalah jenayah dan salah laku yang berlaku dalam masyarakat menarik perhatian awam dan menjadi bahan perbahasan politik semasa. Orang awam berada dalam keadaan khuatir dan gelisah terhadap bahaya dan kesan salah laku sosial dalam masyarakat serba moden yang mengutamakan individualisme dan materialisme dalam kehidupan mereka. Masalah sosial mempunyai pengertian yang luas, is bukan hanya mencakup permasalahan kemasyarakatan tetapi juga yang mencakupi permasalahan dalam masyarakat yang berkaitan dengan gejala-gejala abnormal dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Masalah adalah sesuatu yang memerlukan penyelesaian, perkara atau keadaan yang menimbulkan kesukaran atau kesulitan. Sosial pula adalah segala yang berkaitan dengan masyarakat. Oleh itu, masalah sosial boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai sesuatu yang memerlukan penyelesaian bagi keadaan yang menimbulkan kesulitan kepada sesebuah masyarakat. Masalah sosial sering dikaitkan dengan keadan tertentu seperti kemiskinan, kebuluran, jenayah dan fenomena sosiobudaya yang menghalang masyarakat daripada mengecapi potensi maksima mereka (Eitzen,1984) dan ketidakseimbangan dalam masyarakat sehingga unit tersebut mengklasifikasikan individu sebagai devian (Becker, 1967). Tingkah laku devian merujuk kepada aktiviti yang mengambil tempat dalam masyarakat serta tindakan atau perbuatan melanggar norma-norma yang wujud dalam masyarakat, komuniti dan organisasi bagi tempoh tertentu. Unsur sosiobudaya biasanya mempengaruhi tingkah laku devian. Tingkah laku devian adalah sesuatu yang arbitari dan wujud kerana proses labelling yang mengambil tempat dalam masyarakat pada hari ini. Proses labelling ini dilakukan dengan giat oleh unit masyarakat yang mempunyai kuasa (kerajaan tempatan, kerajaan negeri, atau mana- mana badan berkanun) kerana mereka berusaha dengan giatnya untuk mencapai `UTOPIA' (keadaan masyarakat yang ideal dan sempuma) dalam perjuangan mereka. (Eitzin dan Zinn, 2000)
Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, masalah sosial dapatlah ditafsirkan sebagai keadaan yang tidak digemari oleh orang ramai dan perlu dibasmi, diselesai atau diperbaiki melalui tindakan bersama oleh anggota-anggota masyarakat (Julian, 1996; Tallman dan McGee, 1971; Abd. Hadi, 2004). Oleh itu masalah sosial dilihat mempunyai dua unsur utama iaitu tingkah laku yang menentang atau menyimpang dan norma-norma masyarakat. Kepincangan institusi keluarga menjadi asas kepada wujudnya masalah sosial. Perubahan tingkah laku individu dalam keluarga memerlukan campur tangan daripada masyarakat agar masyarakat dapat meneruskan fungsinya. Untuk itu, perlu ada usaha bagi memelihara dan mengembangkan keberfungsian sosial sesuatu masyarakat kerana masalah sosial melibatkan aspek yang berkait dengan individu dan sosial dalam masyarakat.
Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, masalah sosial dapatlah ditafsirkan sebagai keadaan yang tidak digemari oleh orang ramai dan perlu dibasmi, diselesai atau diperbaiki melalui tindakan bersama oleh anggota-anggota masyarakat (Julian, 1996; Tallman dan McGee, 1971; Abd. Hadi, 2004). Oleh itu masalah sosial dilihat mempunyai dua unsur utama iaitu tingkah laku yang menentang atau menyimpang dan norma-norma masyarakat. Kepincangan institusi keluarga menjadi asas kepada wujudnya masalah sosial. Perubahan tingkah laku individu dalam keluarga memerlukan campur tangan daripada masyarakat agar masyarakat dapat meneruskan fungsinya. Untuk itu, perlu ada usaha bagi memelihara dan mengembangkan keberfungsian sosial sesuatu masyarakat kerana masalah sosial melibatkan aspek yang berkait dengan individu dan sosial dalam masyarakat.
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