NELAYAN FILIPINA DALAM AKTIVITI PENGEBOMAN IKAN DI PERAIRAN NEGERI SABAH
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Abstract
Menangkap ikan pada peringkat awal merupakan sebahagian daripada cara hidup komuniti pantai di rantau Asia Tenggara. Tujuan menangkap ikan adalah untuk menyara kehidupan keluarga yang mana ikan dijadikan sebagai sumber protein harian. Bagaimanapun dalam sistem ekonomi kapitalis, keadaan amatjauhberbeza. Altiviti menangkap ikan tidak lagi bermotif menyaradiri tetapi dijadikan sebagai cara untuk mencipta keuntungan. Di atas motif keuntungan, ikan didaratkan lebih daripada keperluan keluarga. untuk mendapatkan hasil tangkapan yang banyak, menerusi masa beberapa kaedah tangkapan telah diubahsuai, cara-cara menangkap ikan yang diamalkan di negara-negara maju seperti Pukat Tunda telah diperkenal dan diterima pakai oleh nelayan-nelayan di rantau ini. Usaha-usaha pemodenan telah membolehkan kaum nelayan pergi menangkap ikan di perairan yang lebih jauh, bekerja dalam tempoh masa yang lebih lama dan seterusnya membawa pulangan hasil tangkapan yang lebih banyak. Bagaimanapun ciri-ciri perairan dasar laut berhampiran pantai negeri Sabah yang berbatu karang, berbeting pasir dan berperairan cetek di setengah- setengah kawasan telah membataskan penggunaan peralatan moden sepenuhnya seperti Pukat Tunda. oleh kerana sumber perikanan adalah kaya di kawasan berhampiran pantai, nelayan sama ada secara bersendirian atau pun di bawah pembiayaan pemodal- pemodal, tetap ingin mengeksploitasinya, walaupun dengan kaedah yang merbahaya dan mengancam sumber perikanan itu sendiri. Salah satu daripada kaedah yang telah dikenalpasti dan diharamkan oleh Kerajaan Malaysia ialah menangkap ikan dengan menggunakan bahan letupan. "Mati ikan kerana umpan" begitulah bidalan orang-orang Melayu zaman dahulu' Bagaimanapun pada masa kini bidalan tersebut tidaklah begitu tepat lagi. Banyak sekali ikan-ikan di masa kini yang mati bukan kerana umpan. Ikan-ikan mati kerana terperangkap ataupun tersangkut di pukat nelayan yang tidak menggunakan secebis umpan pun seperti Pukat Tunda, pukat Hanyut, pukat Tarik dan lainJain. Bagaimanapun kertas ini cuba untuk menjelaskan akan "matinya ikan kerana ledakan" yang berlaku di Sabah, khususnya di beberapa perkampungan nelayan utama di Kudat, Kota Marudu, Sempoma, Kunak, Lahat Datu dan sandakan. perkara yang sama juga berlaku di beberapa buah perkampungan nelayan di wilayah Persekutuan Labuan. 2t Jati, Bilangan 7, Disember 2002 Di kawasan yang dinyatakan di atas, salah satu kaedah menangkap ikan yang mudah dan menguntungkan ialah dengan cara menggunakan bahan letupan atauyang dikenali di kalangannelayan tempatan sebagai kaedah "bombing". Menurut maklumatyang diperolehi daripadapendudukperkampungan di atas, kaedah ini telah diperkenalkan oleh nelayan-nelayan Filipina yang telahberhijrah ke kawasan pantai Sabah, bagi menangkap ikan-ikan berharga tinggi yang banyak didapati di kawasan berbatu dan di kawasan batu karang berhampiran pantai dan pulau. Nelayan Filipina telah berhijrah beramai-ramai ke Sabah semasa negeri itu ditadbir oleh Tun Mustapha. Penghijrah-purghijrahFilipina ini majoritr merekaberasal dari Pulau Cagayan,Tawi- tawi dan lain-lain pulau yang terletak berhampiran dengan sempadan perairan antarabangsa Sabah-Filipina di Laut Sulu. Kaedah menangkap ikan dengan menggunakan bahan letupan mula diperkenalkan di Sabah pada awal tahun 60an. Oleh kerana ianya menguntungkan kaedah tersebut telah diterimapakai oleh segelintir nelayan tempatan, khususnya nelayan-nelayan keturunan l-Ibian dan B edadan. Nelayan-nelayan Filipina telah lama mengamalkan kaedah letupan ini kerana menurut mereka kaedah ini amat sesuai untuk menangkap ikan di kawasan pinggir pulau berbatu karang yang menjadi sifat semula jadi kawasan perikanan di selatan Filipina. Kaedah-kaedah moden yang berintensifkan modal tidak dapat digunakan sama sekali bagi menangkap ikan di kawasan berbatu karang, selain daripada kurang sesuai, nelayan juga tidak mampu memilikinya. Tambahan lagi di Filipina bahan- bahan letupan mudah diperolehi. Dengan yang demikian kaedah menangkap ikan secara letupan agak popular di sana kerana kos operasi adalah rendah dan hasil tangkapan adalah tinggi. Semasa berada di Sabah, sebilangan daripada mereka menyamakan undang-undang perikanan di Malaysia dengan di negara asal mereka. Kesedaran tentangperaturan dan undang-undang ini tidakbegitu dipentingkan kerana longgarnya pengawalan kawasan perairan perikanan negeri Sabah. Menurut Ruppert Sieveret sej arah peng gunaan bahan letupan dalam operasi menangkap ikan di perairan Filipina telah wujud sebelum Perang-Dunia Kedua lagi dan bertambah serius selepas perang tersebut
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