MASYARAKAT NELAYAN DI NEGERI PAHANG: SATU KAJIAN SOSIOEKONOMI
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Dec 26, 2002
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Abstract
Sebelum pelaksanaan Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) pada tahun 1970, masyarakat nelayan di Malaysia sering digambarkan sebagai golongan yang mempunyai taraf sosioekonomi yang rendah. Masyarakat nelayan termasuk dalam kategori tujuhgolongan di luar bandar yang berada di bawah garis kemiskinan. Berdasarkan laporan Rancangan Malaysia Ketiga, pada tahun 1970 terdapat kira-kira 38,000 keluarga nelayan di Semenanjung Malaysia. Di Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia, sebilangan besar nelayan terdiri daripada orang-orang Melayu, manakala di PantaiBarat dua pertiga adalah kaum Cina. Daripada jumlah tersebut dianggarkan 28,000 keluarga berada di bawah garis kemiskinan iaitu 19,000 di Pantai Timur dan 9,000 di Pantai Barat. Di Pantai Timur, kadar kemiskinan adalah 9l% berbanding di Pantai Barat yang mempunyai kadar kemiskinan lebih rendah. Pada tahun-tahun l970an dengan mengambil kira keadaan harga barang yang semakin meningkat serta bilangan ahli keluarga nelayan yang ramai iaitu secara purata di antara lima hingga tujuh orang, garis kemiskinan diletakkan pada kadar jumlah pendapatan di antara RM200hinggaRM300 sebulan.3Kemiskinan masyarakat nelayan telah dibuktikan melalui tulisan-tulisantentang kemiskinan golongan nelayan yang telah dijalankan oleh beberapa orangpenulis. Antaranya termasuklah Rosemary Firth4, Wan Abdul Kadir Wan Yusuf ,Wan Hashim Wan Teh6, Ishak ShaariT, Raymond Firths dan Mahathir Mohammade. Secara umum, penulis-penulis ini telah memperihalkan keadaan sosioekonomi nelayan yang rendah. Ini kerana wujudnya beberapa faktor, antaranya termasuklah kekurangan modal, kemunduran teknologi, kelemahan sistem pemasaran dan taraf pendidikan nelayan yang rendah. Untuk mengatasi masalah kemiskinan nelayan, pihak kerajaan telah menjalankan pelbagai usaha pembangunan yang disasarkan dalam setiap rancangan pembangunan lima tahun iaitu bermula dari Rancangan Malaysia Pertama hingga Rancangan Malaysia Ke-8. DEB telah dilaksanakan dalam Rancangan MalaysiaKedua ( 197 I -75) hingga Rancangan Malaysia Kelima (1986- I 990) dengan memberitumpuan kepada dua objektif utama. Pertama, untuk membasmi kemiskinan melaluipeningkatan pendapatan dan penambahan peluang pekerjaan bagi semuawarganegara Malaysia tanpa mengira kaum. Kedua, untuk mempercepatkan lagiproses penyusunan semula masyarakat Malaysia bagi membetulkan ketidaksamaan ekonomi yangada supaya mengurangkan serta menghapuskan pembahagian kerja175 Jali, Bilangan 7, Disember 2002 mengikut kaum. Untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup nelayan, pihak kerajaan melalui JabatanPerikanan Malaysia dan Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia (LKIM) telah diberi tanggungjawab melaksanakan pelbagai projek pembangunan. Di bawah Jabatan Perikanan Malaysia, antara langkah yang telah dijalankan termasuklah ProgramPembangunan Pentadbiran dan Kewangan, Program Perancangan Korporat,Program Pengembangan Laut, Program Pembangunan Ternakair dan ProgramTaman Laut. Manakala di bawah LKIM, program-program yang dilaksanakanantaranya termasuklah Program Pembangunan Sosial Nelayan, Program InstitusiNelayan, Program Persatuan Nelayan, Projek Pembangunan Rakyat Termiskin danKhidmat Sokongan Pemasaran. Selepas lebih 30 tahun pelbagai usaha pembangunan dilaksanakan oleh pihak kerajaan yang salah satu tujuan utamanya adalah untuk membasmi kemiskinan, timbulpersoalan tentang apakah nelayan masih lagi miskin? Dengan demikian, penulisanini bertujuan untuk melihat realiti aspek sosioekonomi masyarakat nelayan padamasa kini setelah usaha-usaha pembangunan giat dijalankan. Untuk meneliti keadaansosioekonomi nelayan secara terperinci, seramai 160 orang nelayan di negeri Pahangtelah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian. Pemilihan tersebut dilakukan secara rawak dannelayan telah ditemubual dengan menggunakan borang soal-selidik. Seramai 69 orang (43.13%) nelayan diambil dari Kuala Kuantan, 30 orang(18.75%) nelayan dari KualaPahang, 22 orang(l3.75%o)nelayandari Sungai Karang, 20 orang (12.50%) nelayan dari Beserah, l4 orang (8.75%) nelayan dari Pekan dan lima orang (3.13%) nelayan dari Penur. Perlu dijelaskan, pemilihan di atas adalah amat bergantung kepada kesudian nelayan menjadi responden. Ini disebabkan ramainelayan tidak mahu disoal-selidik kerana berpendapat kajian terhadap mereka telahkerap dilakukan, tetapi mereka tidak mendapat sebarang faedah daripada hasil kajian tersebut. Perbincangan yang diutarakan terlebih dahulu menghuraikan tentang latarbelakang nelayan yang dikaji antaranya tempat asal, taraf perkahwinan, suku kaum, taraf pendidikan, tempat tinggal dan kemudahan asas. Seterusnya penulisan iniakan meneliti kegiatan menangkap ikan yang dijalankan nelayan antaranyaperkakasyang digunakan, kawasan operasi dan jangka masa operasi. Selain itu, aspek pemasaran turut dihuraikan secara terperinci. Penulisan ini kemudiannya akan mengupas tentang pekerjaan sampingan nelayan. Untuk melihat kaedah ekonomi nelayan, perbincangan seterusnya akan mengupas perkara-perkara yang berkaitan dengan pembahagian pendapatan, jumlah pendapat dan perbelanjaan nelayan. Di bahagian akhir penulisan ini analisa dilakukan ke atas aspek simpanan dan pemilikan harta nelayan.
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