الدين والدولة في العصر الحديث

Religion and the State in the Modern Era

Abstract

Linking Islam with politics is a matter addressed by scholars in every country; however, the primary objective is to realize public interests (maṣāliḥ) and prevent harms (mafāsid) for the ummah and its individuals. The Islamic state possesses distinctive characteristics: it is divine in orientation, comprehensive, realistic, and moderate. Its system of governance encompasses all aspects of life and is founded upon the principles of consultation (shūrā), justice, equality, and freedom. There is no legal ruling or transaction without clarification found in the Qur’an and the Sunnah. If these characteristics and principles are realized and properly implemented and understood, Islam will achieve universality and prevail over all other systems. However, if the Qur’an is regarded as a source suitable only for rulings related to acts of worship, excluding transactions, or for worship and transactions but not for criminal law and prescribed punishments, then we have believed in part of the Book while neglecting the rest. A review of Islamic history shows that civilizational renewal can be achieved through the energies of members of the Muslim community and the rise of a new leadership elite guiding the ummah toward welfare and goodness. Political values and concepts may differ from one society to another in terminology, yet they remain effective so long as their methodology and objectives are rooted in Islam. In truth, understanding the Book of Allah and the teachings of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and their objectives is the shortest path to building a balanced Islamic personality that embodies Islamic civilization in thought and conduct. Contemporary scholars and leaders have exerted considerable effort in explaining and simplifying the methodology of moderation (wasatiyyah). Educational curricula in schools and universities, as well as mosque sermons, should incorporate foundations that cultivate a moderate mindset—both theoretically and practically—within the hearts and minds of the younger generation. Extremist thinking, blind imitation, and isolationism must be dismantled and replaced with dialogue, ijtihad (independent reasoning), renewal, and the promotion of respect for differences of opinion. It is therefore essential to adopt and firmly establish a consistent methodology of moderation within society, grounded in Islamic concepts such as recognition of religious minorities, respect for intellect and rational thought, adherence to human values, rejection of claims without evidence, belief in pluralism and diversity, striving for unity and collective strength, and respect for the rule of law.