SURVIVAL EKONOMI WANITA DALAM KOMUNITI SETINGGAN
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Abstract
Pembangunan sesebuah bandar acapkali menjadi pemangkin terpanggilnya kumpulan manusia untuk merentasi sempadan daerah, negeri malah negara untuk melakukan penghijrahan. Dalam konteks Sabah, proses migrasi juga rancak digerakkan oleh imigran dan Filipina dan Indonesia selain daripada proses penghijrahan dalaman negeri ini sendiri. Pergerakan masuk kumpulan pendatang pula mengalami peningkatan darsawara kebelakangan ini. Misalnya tahun 2000, jumlah imigran di Sabah seramai 614, 824 yang memperlihatkan pertambahan sebanyak 103, 273 orang berbanding tahun 1990. Mereka ini mewakili 23.6 peratus daripada jumlah keseluruhan penduduk negeri Sabah (Banci Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia, 2001). Kebanjiran pendatang asing ini seperti yang disabitkan oleh Dayang Suria (2000) mempunyai kaitan dengan kemunculan kawasan setinggan di negeri ini.
Kawasan setinggan lazimnya dilihat sebagai `barah' yang boleh merencatkan pembangunan fizikal sesebuah bandar. Malah banyak kajian dilakukan sebelum ini kurang menyentuh kegiatan sosio-ekonomi yang diusahakan oleh setinggan lebih-lebih lagi yang menyentuh golongan wanitanya. Soalnya, apakah peranan dan sumbangan wanita dalam komuniti setinggan? Adakah golongan wanitanya hanya terikat dengan tugas rumahtangga secara mutlak? Benarkah kawasan yang sering berdepan dengan ancaman perobohan ini membantut penjanaan aktiviti ekonomi daripada diusahakan? Persoalan ini akan cuba diungkai dalam perbincangan kertas kerja ini. Secara keseluruhannya, kertas kerja ini cuba mengupas peranan wanita dalam komuniti setinggan dengan penumpuan diberikan kepada aktiviti perekonomian mereka. Bagi tujuan itu, satu kajian telah dijalankan di Kampung Lembaga Padi, Likas yang merupakan salah satu daripada kawasan setinggan yang dikenalpasti oleh Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu. Dengan menggunakan kaedah penyertaan ikut serta, penulis telah tinggal bersama komuniti yang dikaji dan seramai 100 wanita telah disoalselidik. Turut disentuh ialah perubahan dan sumbangan golongan wanita ini kepada isi rumah mereka yang mana akhirnya menjadikan kawasan setinggan ini bukan lagi sebagai tempat bermasalah sebaliknya is menjadi kawasan berharapan yang menjanjikan perubahan kepada keluarga wanita masing-masing. Kebanyakan kajian yang dilakukan ke atas setinggan kurang menyentuh mengenai aktiviti golongan wanitanya. Perbincangan dalam kertas kerja ini akan bertumpu kepada wanita setinggan di Kampung Lembaga Padi, Kota Kinabalu yang merupakan salah satu daripada kawasan perkampungan setinggan yang disenaraikan oleh Dewan Bandaraya Kota Kinabalu dan merupakan kawasan yang ramai didiami oleh kumpulan etnik dan Filipina (Suluk) dan Indonesia (Bugis). Umumnya kegiatan ekonomi wanita di Kampung Lembaga Padi boleh dilihat berdasarkan kepada dua bahagian iaitu bekerja di lingkungan tempat tinggal dan luar dari persekitaran ini. Namun dalam konteks kertas kerja ini, fokus perbincangan akan bertumpu kepada aktiviti perekonomian dalam lingkungan persekitaran rumah wanita. Huraian mengenai survival ekonomi wanita dalam kertas kerja ini akan bermula dengan satu pemerian tentang ekonomi isi rumah.
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